what you should know about computers

 What you should know about computers...

 

😏 Intro 

 Computer is the heart of mathematical operations💻❤️👍Fatima Al-Heeh

💻Without the computer!

Most computer disciplines today would be just another branch of theoretical mathematics

So be a professional!

You have to stop looking at the computer in the traditional way; It's a black box that magically executes programs !!!

In computing:

• All learners should possess some understanding and appreciation of computer systems, their functional components, their characteristics, their performance, and their interactions with one another.
• Learners need to understand the structure of a computer in its order to be able to build a program that works most efficiently when running on a physical computer.
• When choosing a system to use, learners need to be able to understand the differences between different components such as clock speed of the CPU and memory size.

 Semiconductor technology

Transistor.

• It is used to perform some logical operations.
• An array of transistors - which represents a logical process - is called a gate.

Gate: represents an initial logic such as (AND gate, OR gate).

• By using logic gates, we can perform millions of logic operations that we can think of.
• More transistors + better BOP technology = faster processing times

Moore's law

1965, Jordan Moore

The founder of intel

    

Moore's Law states that the number of transistors per square inch on an integrated circuit-IC has doubled every year since its invention. Moore expects the number to continue to double in the future
But the doubling process has slowed a little.

The reason is that the density of the transistor doubles every 18 months, that is, every year and a half, and it began to become smaller and thus began to reach a stage of stability in density and size, because there is no longer the possibility of making it smaller and of the same amount of density or slightly higher. A little bit for the stability phase.

    Developments in digital electronics, such as lower prices for microprocessors, increased memory capacity (RAM and flash), improved sensors, and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras, are strongly associated with Moore's Law. These simple changes in digital electronics have been the driving force for social and technical change, improved production and economic growth.

    There is a difference of opinion among the experts. But most expect Moore's Law to remain valid for another decade or two.

Computer evolution

• Moore's Law was the basis for advances in computer technology!
• Computers have made imagination a reality!
• And it entered into many industries, including:
• Vehicle industry
• The phone industry
• Human Genome Project
• The World Wide Web (WWW-World Wide Web-)
• Search engines (Google, Firefox, Safari, DuckDuckGo, Internet Explorer, ... etc)

"Computers today are very widespread."

Computer Classifications

There are 3 basic classifications for computers:

DESKTOP COMPUTERS

Desktop computers

• Of general use
• Varied package of software
• good performance
• Low cost single user

SERVER COMPUTERS

Server computers

• Built on the basis of networks, whether local or over the Internet
• Its capacity is high
• Its performance is high
• They range in size from small to building height

EMBEDDEDCOMPUTERS

Compact computers

• The most prevalent category
• They exist in the form of hidden parts inside the system or device, such as electronic touch-screen refrigerators, smart carts, and others 

 

 

 Beyond the program

Abstraction:

  Dive deeper and discover new information

Abstraction removes unnecessary extra details which helps us reduce complexity and work with it better

Computers can be very different from what we perceive when we look at them from the hardware level!

    In fact, hardware components in a computer communicate with each other only by sending digital signals to each other with high or low voltage, high voltage is indicated by the number 1 and low voltage is expressed by the number 0 (High / Low Voltage)

The first level of abstraction:

 The first stage is a classification process for the signals: True / False | 1/0 | High / Low

 The common belief is that the real / physical language of a computer is binary numbers.

Application software

It is written in the higher programming languages

System software

You need a translator: Interprets the commands for higher-order programming languages ​​for the machine language that a computer understands

Operating Systems

Mechanism for dealing with inputs and outputs

Memory and storage management

Arrangement of tasks and resources

Hard gear

Healer

memory

Input and output controls

Levels of code commands - codes -

Top language

Assembly language

Hardware Language

Higher language:

It consists of speech and mathematical operations

Allows for data transfer and building effective programs

Assembly language

A textual representation of the programming commands, which is closer to a computer than to the higher language

Hard hardware language

Binary numbers (bits)

Encrypted instructions and data

Computer contents

Contents of all types (Server, PC, Embedded)

The five classic contents:

1. Input units
2. Output units
3. memory
4. Data path
5. Control units

I / O units

User interface devices (display, keyboard, mouse, microphone, ...)

Network adapters (to communicate with other computers)

Inside the processor (CPU)

Data paths: through which operations are performed on the data

Control: It streams data paths and performs operations on them

Cache memore: A small and fast SRAM for instant access to data

SRAM: a type of memory chip that is faster and requires less power than dynamic memory.

memory

 Volatile

The data and commands you have stored are lost when the device is turned off

 DRAM is usually used by main memory

SRAM memory stick (Cache, Regi